Monday, April 27, 2020

TWO FRIENDS VISIT THEIR ALMA MATER (Part 1)

By Kumar Gunawardene
’You will always remember
Wherever you maybe,
The School of your boyhood,
The School by the Sea. 
 And you’ll always remember
The friendships fine and free,
That you made at S.Thomas
The School by the Sea.“
Rev Cannon Roy.H.Bowyer Yin




In the silence and solitude of the curfew as the long days meld into longer nights, I begin to write. And what better than the  story of two chums who travelled from distant climes to their old school. Harischandra Boralessa (Bora) and Kumar Gunawardane (me) have vivid recollections, mostly  happy but some poignant of our schooldays. And,we felt that it would be good to go back to our roots; be caressed once again by the gentle sea breezes, tread the good earth of the playing fields, walk the corridors of the Big School, sit in the Big Hall, in sight of the portraits of the great and the good sons of the School, kneel in contemplation in the chapel of configuration of Christ and enjoy the magnificent mural of David Paynter.
                     THE LOWER SCHOOL.
I joined STC in Form1 as the the second standard class was known. Selection was by examinationand both my brother and I passed at our first attempts.We were coached in English, General Knowledge  and other motley subjects by an aunt who lived with us. She was single and loved us, my brother perhaps more than me. To her, my sibling, he who was conceived after seven years of marriage, was the child gifted by the gods.(Deviyo Dunnna Putha) Her name was Ethel Maud Abeysekare, and to our everlasting shame and contrition, we used to call her, behind her back Ethel Moda or Ethel the Silly Abeysekara.
I still recall the trepidation, I felt on that first day ,” creeping like a snail”clinging tightly to my aunt till she delivered me to the class mistress Dora Janz. Happily she was a benign, motherly lady and we very quickly grew fond of her, and became good pupils attentive and quiet.!!
Our class rooms were housed in a World War 2 building the NAFFI (Navy, Army and Air Force Institute). It had a roof thatched with coconut fronds.Thus was born the Royalist doggerel  “in the village school of St. Thomas' fronds of coconut are stuck here there and everywhere; also not one of their chair legs is unbroken “We, sadly didn’t have an appropriate rejoinder.
Of more interest to us little Thomians was the elevated stage at one end of the building. It roofed  a hollow cavern sepulchral with little or no light. Entry was forbidden, but that didn’t stop us from playing hide and seek and other innocent games there.
The NAFFI was next to to the office building which was appropriately named the the Thalassa (a girl’s name ,meaning the sea in Classical Greek). The rail tracks like giant caterpillars hugged the western boundary of the park.
The lower school was in the eastern boundary fronted by a couple of large Domba trees. In the southern end was the tuck shop a single storey nondescript building with a broad verandah which doubled as the sports pavilion. All these encircled our playing field the blessed Big Club.We usually had our lunch sent from home and we ate it there under the watchful eye of our carer. Occasionally, we had the tuck shop lunch of mouth watering, string hoppers, pol sambol and beef curry. All for twenty cents. For afters we had a scoop of ice cream or a meringue kiss. A few boys got much pleasure saying to the tuck shop girl “ miss give me a kiss”.
At the beginning of the  day, we had assembly presided over by the headmaster Rev Barnabas.An imposing figure in a flowing cassock he was quite liberal with the cane and a firm believer in the adage spare the rod and spoil the child. Some of his victims had the last laugh by composing lewd ‘couplets. One of the printable ones is a parody on “Tiger tiger burning bright. The next line was changed to Barnige p... dynamite !!!I I must emphasise that we simply inherited these and my class never innovated them.
He could be jovial and also loved to sing. The proceedings of the assembly ended with both English and Sinhala songs. The perennial favourites were “Old McDonald had a farm" and "My Bonnie lies over the ocean” We knew all the lyrics.This stood me in good stead when I was one of the locals who accompanied a group of visiting American Cardiologists and their spouses as they journeyed to Kandy. The ladies started a sing song. When it was our turn I sang “My Bonnie lies over the ocean” It went down very well. For the Sinhala songs  Rev B summoned one or two boys to accompany  him on the stage and we all joined in  lustily.
After two classes or periods as they were called,the Christian boys had to go to chapel.They would walk in double file ,quietly and in an orderly fashion,no mean feat for children of that age.I was so intrigued ,by this ,that, I joined them one day.Mrs Dora J advised Kumar as you are a Buddhist you don’t have to go.I retorted ,my mother said I could go.She very cleverly replied   please bring a letter from your mother.And that was that.
At that tender age even a year’s difference would make the older boys look formidable.But mostly they were good natured and well behaved.There was one boy ,however who would harass my brother.This came to the attention of our carer  Samuel,a lad who was only a few years older than us but as robust as they come, hailing from Matara noted for tough street smart youths.He went upto the bully and warned ,if you lay a finger on my master, you will have to deal with me. Not only was he loyal ,hardy and very protective of us but an ideal companion too who would join in all our  games and larks.We, took unfair advantage of him by getting him to field mostly,in our cricket matches.His joy knew no bounds when given a chance to bat; this would be short lived as he would get caught or bowled out quite soon.He would look after all our needs;supervising  baths at the well and our school meals and even putting on our shoes and socks and tying the shoe laces.Even during our holidays in the hills he would accompany us always an ubiquitous shadow.
One of my deepest regrets is that I have lost touch with Samuel and all the other domestics who  looked after us lovingly and made our childhood so pleasurable.
The best part of the first term was Senior cricket matches.We would look forward eagerly to the Friday lunch interval when the game  commenced and drag ourselves to class reluctantly when the break ended.At the end of classes at three pm we would rush out again.Sadly we  had to head home when our cars arrived.
The cricketers were our heroes,virtually demi-gods.As Neville Cardus said with such flair “We remember not the scores and results in after years;it is the men who remain in our minds ,in our imagination.”
One cricketer whom  I have good reason to remember is Chandra Schafter the captain of the 1950 side;he was also the head prefect.One Wednesday ,which was our half day, our car failed to arrive on time.I was hungry and tired and started bawling, much to the annoyance of my brother and older cousins.CS who was passing by ,promptly came to our assistance by telephoning our parents and remained for some time with us.Bora and I met him recently at a Colombo hotel and he still remains the genial and benevolent person he always was.It was a great shock to us all when he was deemed unfit to play in the Royal-Thomian on account of a minor ankle injury.
Sometimes to watch the matches,we would sit  on the ground below the pavilion,while the cricketers  and other guests were seated above us.Our primitive scoreboard was adjacent and registered vertically only the team score , number of fallen wickets and the score of the last dismissed batsman.During one match an odious boy screeched,hundred and fifty  for one ,last man nought.Tony Witham the man who was out for a duck ,and seated behind us squirmed and hid his face.He was a good opening batsman and a useful partner to the other opener,Tyrell Gauder who was a fast scorer in the fashion of Gordon Grennidge.
 A new two storyed  spacious pavilion was built in our time and was named after our most distinguished old boy Mr D.S.Senanayake.At the beginning of his welcoming speech,Cannon R.S.De Saram said DS won independence for Ceylon in 1948.Dudley S his son was the chief guest.and said in reply” It is not often that one gets an opportunity to correct one’s Warden,so I will not let go this chance.Independence was actually obtained in 1956 by this regime and the present PM who is also an old Thomian;a dig at the  then leaders who were belittling his father’s hitherto undisputed achievements.
DS also had a sledge hammer wit which he used effectively in the parliament.Once an opposition MP said the PM has a swollen head;to which DS replied ,if you said it outside we would have seen who got the swollen head.As a student he used to wander in the school grounds  on his own.When his Warden-saw him he remarked “ I seem to see you everywhere Senanayake.Yes sir  like God he replied
Both were great and good men beloved by the people.Stories of their humanity and humility abound.DS.S even when he was Prime Minister went to a local Barber (Gabriel) to get his hair cut.While awaiting  his turn another patron had offered his place.DS had said you came first so you go first.Once the satirist Sooty Banda made fun of the PM’s “handle bar moustache “ in his weekly newspaper column.SB was a public servant;his chief who was at odds with him sensed a good opportunity to get rid of the pest.He went upto DS ,flourished the article and said Sir,this time this man has gone too far.DS chuckled heartily,and dismissed him saying ,”Actually as a matter of fact,we need something to laugh at;anyway it’s my moustache isn’t it” .Afterwards SB ruminated that was the way of the Great Reactionary, in comparison with some  politicians who were “demagogues with much cleverness, but little wisdom”
DS never missed the Royal Thomian cricket encounter or the Old Boy’s day events.When he was batting one time at the latter he had stumbled and had to be helped up by the umpire .Just then a train passed by, and the passengers were witnesses to the hilarious spectacle of the Prime Minister’s bottom being dusted by Donald Fairweather the umpire.
Dudley too was a down to earth man .He was totally relaxed at the Royal Thomian matches which he would never miss. At one encounter he was enjoying  the cricket ,smoking a cigarette,when one of my friends Vernon R for a dare asked him for a light .Dudley obliged and when our man returned to pick up his winnings,his mate said” Machang stub  your cigarette and frame it; no one else will have one  lit by the PM’ ;Vernon  retorted ,are you crazy, I won’t waste a perfectly good fag
Dudley was once travelling by train to Anuradhapura with JR Jayawardane his finance minister for a public engagement.My father who was accompanying them in the train asked him whether he could introduce his two sons who were also Thomians.Dudley agreed readily,although he appeared exhausted and longing to wind down after a long day.His shoes were flung to a side and the tie removed.He chatted with us for nearly twenty minutes enquiring about the School and other matters and plied us with Orange Barley the favourite soft drink at the time.Next day as they were motoring out he saw us looking out of the window of our compartment and waved to us till we were out of sight. We became ardent  life long fans.
On March 22 1952 DS died suddenly.To the nation in general and to us ten year olds this was like a thunderbolt out of a blue summer sky; a mighty ironwood tree crashing to the undergrowth without warning.We were bereft and speechless. But Warden R.S.De Saram spoke eloquently for us all.”He gave the School many generous gifts from time to time in his quiet unostentatious way.But his greatest gifts were his loyalty and the affection he showered on her and the man he was.He was proud of us and we were proud of him.He stood for all that we regard as truly Thomian.”
Today his portrait by David Paynter ,hangs proudly in the school hall.It captures with exactness the genial nature and benevolence of this man with the rugged frame befitting the farmer and miner he was.
Sometimes we would repair to the shade of the giant banyan tree to witness the cricket.A Japanese plane shot down by a British fighter pilot was said to have crashed onto this venerable tree which somehow survived.An added attraction was the bravado of the young old boys strutting about with cigarettes dangling from their lips.From time to time a strange prematurely aged man would appear.His hair was unbrushed, clothes dishevelled and his face unshaven.He would fling his arms violently which some said was the consequence of electrocution.We kept a respectful  distance from him ,but one impish boy asked him “Sir if you had a son at school what would you say to him “Tell your mother that I would like to see her once more “he shot back. This sailed over us ,but caused much merriment amongst the more sophisticated.
On rare occasions when permitted by the older boys we would  sit on the railings of the fives courts.In later years seated on the same railings we would ogle the girls who went past us to their school.One of the prettiest was a burgher girl who was the sister of a good mate and a fellow cricketer.To this day I regret not having asked him for an introduction.Many a time have I reflected sadly on Mark Twain’s wisdom.”Twenty years from now you will be more disappointed,by the things you did not do than by the things you did do”.Not that I would have known what to do when introduced.!!Once we met face to face,she with a book on her head ,practicing a model’s gait and me walking in the opposite direction.She smiled sweetly ,but I was too flustered to linger and chat.
In 1953 we moved into the big school with some regret; sadness at leaving some teachers  mainly female who were gentle and kind.We flourished under them and I won the class prizes for 1B and lower 3B under their guidance.A number of the male teachers were feared.The boys in turn gave them derisive but funny nicknames.Poltokka (fierce head puncher),goday R( R the village yokel)Bamboo D and most wickedly  “black tie murderer”.
An exception was our Sinhala teacher Mr Arisen Ahubudu;remarkable not only for his knowledge of Sinhala,history and literature and art ,but also his gentleness and rapport with the children.A small made man , charming in immaculate national dress , he was an articulate and amusing  storyteller.We completed all our assignments in the first of our double periods which would leave us free to listen to absorbing tales from his repertoire and also world literature.He would remind me in later years of Oliver Goldsmith’s Village Schoolmaster.
“And still they gasz’d and still the wonder grew,
That one small head could carry all that he knew.”

Saturday, April 25, 2020

Dr. Chris Uragoda - Eminent physician whose interests were wide and varied




 By Dr. Lakshman Abeyagunawardene


Dr. Christopher Gunapala Uragoda passed away on the night of March 28.

Born on September 22, 1928, he was the third and youngest son of Surveyor N.F. De S. Uragoda and Mrs. Lena Uragoda in Hikkaduwa.  The young family soon moved to Kalegana, Galle, to set up residence there. Following his early secondary education at Richmond College and Mahinda College, Galle, he was admitted to Ananda College, Colombo from where he gained admission to the Medical College.

“Chris” to many of his friends and colleagues, and “Ura” to some of his closest friends, he was always Christie aiya to me. That’s what we cousins used to call him. He was my mother’s eldest sister’s son, his mother being many years older than my mother. Christie aiya’s elder brothers were Dr. Hubert Uragoda who was a Medical Administrator in the Health Ministry and Samson Uragoda who was a practising lawyer at the Galle Bar.

When we were residing in Colombo, we used to spend our school holidays at Kalegana and invariably, Hubert aiya and Christie aiya too were there. My family thus got very close to Christie aiya. I have heard it being said that my mother (who was Punchiamma to Christie aiya) was like a mother to him because he was looked after mainly by her before she got married.

Hubert aiya and Christie aiya were in a chummery at Cotta Road at the turn-off to Tickell Road in Borella, when they were medical students in the early ’50s. Both of them had push bicycles and were frequent visitors to Manning Town where we were living at that time. On his graduation, he gifted his old push cycle to my brother and myself. I must have been about 15 years old at the time and I recall that I had my first lessons in cycling on this bike!

My earliest recollection about the beginning of his professional career was that he was posted to Pallebadde, a remote station close to Embilipitiya from where he tried his utmost to get out. He succeeded in his efforts when he was appointed to the Thoracic Unit of the General Hospital where he worked under Mr. A.T.S. Paul and came into close contact with Professor Milroy Paul. It was there that he met his lifelong friend Dr. Malinga Fernando who had been one year junior to him in Medical College.

An incident that remains etched in my own mind was the time he took me to H.W. Cave & Co to buy me my first dissecting set when I got into the University Entrance class at Ananda College. Not only did he gift me with the dissecting set, he also treated me at Perera& Sons, Kollupitiya to cakes and milk shake!

I vividly remember the gathering of close relatives at Violet Cottage where he was residing at the time just before his wedding, and accompanyinghim to Prof. Kottegoda’s residence at Nawala where a simple ceremony took place. As a schoolboy, I had heard from adult conversations that Christie aiya’s bride Padma Rambukpota and Mrs. Kottegoda were sisters.

Christie aiya and Padma akka left for the UK where their eldest son Lalith was born. On their return to Ceylon, he was appointed as the Chest Physician in Kandy and they were blessed with three more children – Dianthi, Neluka and Dishana.

On his transfer to Colombo, he had a long stint as the Physician-in-charge of the Chest Clinic until his retirement in 1974. He was free at last to pursue his other interests like medical research and writing, professional associations, wildlife etc. Details of his achievements are too numerous to mention here, but in my memoirs “From Hikkaduwa to the Carolinas” published in 2010, I wrote, “Dr. C.G. Uragoda was perhaps the most distinguished son of Hikkaduwa of a later generation. Apart from his high academic qualifications (including a Doctor of Science degree) and numerous research papers especially on chest diseases, he has also authored many books on wild life and the history of medicine in Sri Lanka. He is also a past President of the Sri Lanka Medical Association, Ceylon College of Physicians, Sri Lanka Medical Council and the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka”.

Christie aiya lived to the ripe old age of 91. He was devastated when his wife predeceased him a few years ago.  My wife Mangala and I used to visit him frequently at his Nawala residence where he was looked after by his dutiful daughter Dianthi. The other children Lalith and Neluka live in the US with their families while the youngest Dishana is in Australia.

May Christie aiya attain the Supreme Bliss of Nibbana.



Wednesday, April 22, 2020

TRAVEL IN THE TIME OF CORONA (WITH APOLOGIES TO GABRIEL GARCĪA MÁRQUEZ)


By Srianee Fernando Dias

At first it was this curious viral outbreak in China, sometime in December - I didn’t think much of it, or that it would affect me in a tangible way, so I continued with my plans to visit my family in Sri Lanka, and left Connecticut in January.  As I always do, I flew first to Hamburg, Germany, to visit my daughter and family, and proceeded after a week or so to Sri Lanka on Emirates Airlines.
               While in Colombo I heard about the Chinese tourist who was hospitalized at the IDH in Angoda.  She was sent home after successful treatment with much fanfare at the airport.  Even the Minister of Health showed up to wish her good bye.  She was returning to Wuhan!  Even then it seemed like distant thunder of a storm that was quite faraway.
           I continued with my usual activities in Colombo, calling and visiting friends and family. I met quite number of friends from Medical College at a lovely dinner in mid February and no one discussed the impending chaos because nobody knew.  Most of my family was excited about the upcoming Royal-Thomian cricket match.  There were also numerous other family matters that kept me occupied during this time.
          Sometime later in February when serious outbreaks in Italy and Iran were being reported, it dawned on me that this epidemic could seriously impact my travel plans.  The situation in Wuhan was also worsening, and Sri Lankan Airlines rescued a planeload of students from Wuhan, who were subsequently quarantined in a military hospital in Diyatalawa. Travel bans were being implemented in certain countries and I realized that I had to change my original flight which was scheduled to depart from Colombo on April 1.  One option was to postpone my trip and the other was to return to the US before airlines began cancelling their flights on certain routes.
         Many friends and some of my family members, including my two daughters, advised me to stay longer (indefinitely) in Sri Lanka, because Sri Lanka was ‘safe.’  My daughters in particular felt that I was taking an unnecessary risk sitting for hours on the long flights that I would have to take, because I was older (Ha! Ha!). My daughter in Wisconsin said that the US was totally unprepared and that things were far worse than in Italy. (She was correct!)  My instincts, however, were to get back to home base soon, because the situation was heating up and there was no way to predict when things would improve.  I felt that things would get worse before they got better.  Each day brought more nerve wracking news from abroad, while the situation in Sri Lanka was still relatively calm. 
           It was relatively easy to change my flights, although there were fees involved.  I  changed my departure date to March 17th.  My normal plan which includes a visit to my family in Hamburg was abandoned, and my daughter in Hamburg booked an airport hotel for me to stay overnight.  My Aer Lingus flight was booked for the next morning and would take me directly to the Hartford airport, transiting in Dublin.  I kept checking on line and was reassured to read that the flights were operating normally.
         As my new departure date approached, I was deluged with unsolicited advice.  The situation in Europe was worsening, and perhaps I should make new plans to avoid Germany altogether.  That would mean flying to New York, to one of the crazy crowded airports (JFK or Newark) and would also mean coughing up (pun intended!) more cash for a new ticket.  I had seen images of people standing in line for hours at JFK waiting to be ‘screened’ for COVID-19 infection before being allowed to enter the US, and I wanted to avoid that.  It would also mean finding transportation from NYC to West Hartford , Connecticut, which takes two hours on a good day.  Besides, the Aer Lingus website kept reassuring me that their flights to the US were “operating normally.” 
 
            One morning I was woken up by one of my cousins who had heard that “Trump had cancelled all flights from Europe into USA!”  I hastily jumped out of bed, turned on CNN and waited for more details.  Trump’s announcement (as usual) had been vague and ambiguous.  The newscasters explained that US citizens and Green Card holders would be exempt.  (Phew!) All other travelers from Europe would not be allowed to enter the US.
           The departure date arrived and I proceeded to BIA uneventfully.  The person ahead of me in line chatted a bit with me.  I found out that she was a mathematician from the Netherlands, who seemed perplexed about the fuss and increasing panic all around her.  When I explained to her that this virus was highly contagious and spreads rapidly she seemed a little more convinced, especially after I told her that I was a retired pathologist.   The Emirates Boeing 777 aircraft was unexpectedly crowded.  I had armed myself with disinfectant wipes and proceeded to wipe down everything!  Social distancing was not possible, but since I was in an aisle seat I felt that I had a little more space around me.  From Dubai to Hamburg it was another packed flight, this time an Airbus 380, filled to capacity with Germans returning home!
         The Immigration Officer who stamped my passport at the Hamburg airport asked me the routine question “What is your reason for visiting German?”  When I explained that I had to abandon my original plans to visit my family, on account of the virus outbreak and instead spend the night at the airport hotel, he was so sympathetic, and proceeded to have a five minute conversation with me, expressing how sorry he was that I had to change my plans.  This is quite unusual for a German immigration official, because of all the grumpy, surly immigration personnel in the world they have the reputation of being the grumpiest! When I related this exchange to my daughter in Hamburg, she was surprised and amused. 
         The Radisson Blue Hotel was thankfully just across the parking lot from the airport and I successfully made my way there in the rapidly darkening evening.  The reception area was eerily deserted.  I spotted about 3 other guests.  I was beginning to get hungry, but the hotel restaurant was closed!  The receptionist reassured me that I would be able to order room service.  I settled in, ordered my dinner and turned on my laptop to check into my Aer Lingus flight which was due to leave at about 10.00 am the next morning.  It was then that I realized, to my horror, that my connecting flight from Dublin to Hartford had been cancelled!  Damn! Why didn’t Aer Lingus send me an email or text message as they usually do? (I realized later that the airlines were simply unable to cope with the government regulations which were changing by the minute!)   I successfully confirmed my first flight from Hamburg to Dublin on line and decided to try calling the Aer Lingus customer service number.  As I expected, I heard a recording that said I would have to wait about 3 hours to speak with a customer representative! I rationalized that since I would be at the Aer Lingus counter at the airport the next morning, perhaps the person checking me in would be able to get me a seat on a flight to Boston.  Meanwhile, I had spoken with my friends who had agreed to pick me up in Hartford and had warned them that I may end up flying in to Logan Airport in Boston, and would take the shuttle bus that would bring me partway to Hartford.  They simply said “Get here somehow!”
           Next morning I got ready early and trudged downstairs to the reception desk to checkout.  I didn’t meet a soul in the long hallway on my way there.  As I was checking out, I joked with the receptionist and said that I may have to return to the hotel if I didn’t get a flight to the US.  She then informed me that they had just received a directive stating that they were only allowed to offer rooms to ‘business’ guests from that day on.  At this point I realized that I had to keep moving forward.  The option of taking the subway train to my daughter’s home was also out of the question because they were under quarantine for two weeks.  (My granddaughter and her cousin had been skiing in the Tyrol region which had now been designated a high risk area.) Staying with them would mean two weeks or more in Germany, during which time anything could happen with the transatlantic travel restrictions.
        I went across to the airport and made my way to the Aer Lingus check in counter.  Just like the hotel, the normally bustling Hamburg airport seemed deathly quiet.  Airport employees were lingering in the cafes enjoying their coffee.  While waiting for the counter to open, I struck up a conversation with two forlorn looking American students, who had been in Hamburg on a ‘study abroad’ program. They were flying back to their homes in the US because the universities in Hamburg had closed rather abruptly.  They were not sure if they would be able to get their money back.  One of them told me that he had been on the phone for hours attempting to get a flight to Newark, New Jersey, before he finally succeeded.  When the counter finally opened, I explained my problem to the young man who was checking my travel details.  It was soon apparent to me that he didn’t have the authority to book me on a flight to Boston.  He was not an Aer Lingus employee, but an airport employee, and was unable to even tell me if a flight to Boston was available that day. I was in a quandary, but there was no turning back.  I realized then that if I wanted to speak with an Aer Lingus employee I would have to get on that flight to Dublin.  Worst case, I would have to check into a hotel in Dublin.  To add to my consternation, when my luggage tag printed out the final destination said “BDL,”  which is the code for Bradley International Airport in Hartford, Connecticut.  “Where on earth would my luggage end up?” I thought, because there were no flights to Hartford that day.
       Once I boarded the flight to Dublin, the journey took a different turn.  The plane was not crowded and the flight staff was attentive and helpful.  I explained my predicament to one of the flight attendants who immediately reassured me that there was a late afternoon flight to Boston from Dublin with plenty of available seats.  The anxiety that had been enveloping me all this time evaporated instantly.  He conveyed the situation to his superior, who promised to connect me with the ground staff in Dublin, and said that they would guide me through the process of obtaining a ticket to Boston. 
     There was quite a logistical dance in Dublin.  I was able to claim my bag (which I thought had disappeared forever) on a special carousel, because all the bags which were tagged for cancelled flights were off-loaded in Dublin.  I was advised to go out through customs and upstairs to the ticketing area, to obtain a new boarding pass for the 4:00 pm flight to Boston. By this time, I was getting quite weary of pushing and pulling my big suitcase.  I was quietly cursing myself for having packed so many packets of Dimbulla tea and YWCA roasted curry powder, which are mostly for my friends and family!  (After every trip I promise myself that I will pack light the next time, but it never happens!)  After another long wait at the ticketing counter, I made my way to the US boarding area, where the American Customs and Immigration pre-clearance was done.  (This is another advantage of flying to the US through Dublin.)  I was pleasantly surprised to find only a few people in line, and security personnel who seemed more relaxed and more polite than usual.  At the boarding gate the passengers heading to Boston sat far apart from each other.  Some of them, including me, sat in the seats lining the long hallways, keeping plenty of space between us.  Finally, It was such a relief to board an aircraft that would take me across the Atlantic to Boston.
     I was thankful that I hadn’t panicked and booked myself on a different airline to get me to the US.  I heard later about other Americans who had paid exorbitant prices to purchase new transatlantic tickets. Some of them camped for days in airport lobbies in various European cities waiting for flights.  I felt really lucky, because a day or two after I left Colombo BIA shut down and Emirates Airlines cancelled many international flights!    

  

Thursday, April 16, 2020

Community Spread of Covid -19: Not Yet


By Dr. Lakshman Abeyagunawardene
MBBS; MPH; MD (Community Medicine)
Consultant Community Physician

It is quite possible that some sections of the general public may be confused by the constant reference to “semi technical” terms when discussing the Covid-19 outbreak. To put the record straight, let me at the outset explain that these are really epidemiological (or technical) terms. I refer here to pandemics, epidemics and endemics. Though it sounds simple, “community spread” is also a technical term in that it means that the victim picked up the disease from some unknown infected person with whom the person had come into contact (as opposed to those who have had some form of contact with a foreigner, tourist guide, chef etc.)

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) refers to such terms as pandemic, epidemic and endemic with the technical aspect in mind. The media in Sri Lanka use the term pandemic more broadly to describe the present outbreak of Covid-19 .  The local media cannot be found fault with because the disease has spread over several countries or continents and appears to be presently out of control. It is also affecting a high proportion of the population.  An epidemic in its true sense, refers to an increase, often sudden, in the number of cases of a disease above what is normally expected in that population in that area (eg. Outbreaks of smallpox in Sri Lanka in the past). For the sake of completeness , an endemic refers to the constant presence and/or usual prevalence of a disease or infectious agent in a population at the baseline level within a geographic area (cholera was endemic in some areas in Sri Lanka some time ago)

This explanation is considered important because terms like these direct the public health response to better control and prevent the present outbreak. Moreover, the WHO and the Ministry of Health also use these terms quite liberally.

An Epidemiologist’s Dream

Although I have specialised in a different branch of Public health, I had an abiding interest in the subject of Epidemiology even when I was doing my MPH in Berkeley, California, 46 years ago. This has continued up to date and I always look at epidemics and pandemics in a special way. The present outbreak of Covid-19 is not an exception and in my opinion, has proved to be an Epidemiologist's dream.

The very first case of the deadly disease in Sri Lanka was confirmed on 27 January when a 44-year-old Chinese woman from Hubei Province in China was admitted to the National Institute of Infectious Diseases (IDH). She had arrived as a tourist with a group of travellers and had been screened at the Bandaranaike International Airport after having a high fever. She had fully recovered and was released from hospital on 19 February.

Like other countries, Sri Lanka too has gone through troubled times due to the pandemic. However, although we have 233 confirmed cases as of 15th April, we have not yet gone into the stage when community spread of the disease has occurred. All cases confirmed so far, have had some contact with the outside world (employees returning from countries like Italy and South Korea, foreign tourists, tourist guides or their relatives). For instance, the uncharacteristic spike of 21 cases in one day, includes many members of one family. Similarly the sharp rise of confirmed cases seen on April 14th when only those from quarantine centres were PCR tested, the results of which ruled out free community spread. In other words, Community spread has not yet begun. Therefore, it is not difficult to contain the outbreak at this stage.

I must confess here that I have only a passing interest in Sri Lankan politics. Like most other citizens, when elections come round, I dutifully exercise my voting right. Depending on the prevailing situation, both leading political parties in turn have succeeded in securing my vote. Whatever others may say, I feel that we are in the fortunate position in that we have a militarily trained President in His Excellency Gotabaya Rajapaksa and a Defence Secretary Major General Kamal Gunaratne to guide our destinies at this time. The Director General of Health Services Dr. Anil Jasinghe and the present Army Commander Shavendra Silva who heads the Media Task Force, have an abundance of intelligence and a good grasp of the problem. The communication support provided by DIG Ajith Rohana who is a lawyer, is also commendable. The professional associations, medical consultants, community physicians (especially of the Health Promotion Bureau) and even trade unions like the GMOA have chipped in by providing much needed technical advice to the government. Particular mention should be made of Dr. Paba Palihawadana and Dr. Sudath Samaraweera who have been in the forefront offering technical support from Day 1.

Another important supportive group has been the Intelligence Unit of the Sri Lanka Army. I believe Sri Lanka is the only country in the world that has utilized the services of Army Intelligence for epidemiological investigations. They have done a tremendous job in successfully carrying out contact tracing.

I wonder whether we have already begun to see the light at the end of the tunnel. Other than the districts (Colombo, Gampaha, Kalutara, Puttalam, Kandy and Jaffna) which have been classified as high-risk areas, in the other districts, the curfew is being relaxed gradually. Even in the so called high-risk areas, moves are afoot to bring in more relief to the masses. These are all good signs. The government is anxious to see that SL's citizens are given lesser burdens and more freedom, but they simply can't do it all at once due to the enormity of the outbreak.

On the part of the general public, I wish to make this concluding fervent appeal to continue with behaviours such as social distancing, proper hand washing, wearing face masks as advised by the Health Ministry and avoiding congregation in public places. It is only then that we would be able to close this unfortunate chapter.

If Wuhan could do it, we certainly can!